00237903

Component

https://onlinepubs.trb.or...bproceedings/11/11-029.pdf

MR. WATKINS DOES NOT FEEL THAT THE PAPER BY BENKELMAN AND OLMSTEAD OFFERS A COMPLETE EXPLANATION, SINCE THE PHENOMENA OBSERVED IN SOME FIVE OR SIX HUNDRED FROZEN SOIL CORES TAKEN FROM MINNESOTA SUBGRADES ARE NOT ENTIRELY EXPLAINED BY THIS THEORY. THERE SEEMS TO BE A DIFFERENCE IN THE SPACING AND THICKNESS OF THE ICE LAYERS IN THE DIFFERENT SOIL TEXTURES. A FIGURE WHICH SERVES TO EXPLAIN THE FORMATION OF THIN EVENLY SPACED ICE LAYERS IS PRESENTED. FIELD STUDIES INDICATE ICE, EXCEPT POSSIBLY HORIZONTAL ICE LAYERS, FORMS ONLY IN EXISTING VOIDS. THEREFORE, IT SEEMS THAT THE FORMATION OF THE HORIZONTAL VOID PLANES PRECEDES THE FORMATION OF THE ICE LAYERS. MR. TABER FEELS FROST HEAVING IS DUE TO THE GROWTH OF ICE CRYSTALS AND NOT TO CHANGE IN VOLUME. PRESURE IS DEVELOPED IN THE DIRECTION OF CRYSTAL GROWTH WHICH IS USUALLY DETERMINED CHIEFLY BY THE DIRECTION OF COOLING. EXCESSIVE HEAVING RESULTS WHEN WATER IS PULLED UP THROUGH THE SOIL TO BUILD UP LAYERS OR LENTICULAR MASSES OF SEGREGATED ICE THAT GROW IN THICKNESS BECAUSE WATER MOLECULES ARE PULLED INTO THE THIN FILM THAT SEPARATES THE GROWING COLUMNAR ICE CRYSTALS FROM THE UNDERLYING SOIL PARTICLES. AFTER REPEATED CYCLES OF FREEZING AND THAWING, IT WAS FOUND THAT PROMPT REFREEZING AFTER THAWING, RESULTED IN GREATER ICE SEGREGATION AND HEAVING THAN OCCURRED ON THE FIRST FREEZING. DIFFERENCES OF THESE RESULTS AS INTERPRETED BY BENKELMAN, OLMSTEAD, AND BURTON ARE DISCUSSED. THE AMOUNT OF ICE SEGREGATION AND FROST HEAVING IN SOILS IN CONTROLLED NOT ONLY BY PARTICLE SIZE, BUT ALSO BY OTHER FACTORS, SUCH AS SHAPE OF SOIL PARTICLES, COMPOSITION, AMOUNT OF WATER AVAILABLE, SIZE AND PERCENTAGE OF VOIDS, RATE OF COOLING AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE, TENSILE STRENGTH, AND THE SURFACE LOAD OR RESISTANCE TO HEAVING. REPEATED CYCLES OF FREEZING AND THAWING INTRODUCED NO NEW FACTORS AND DO NOT ALTER THE MECHANICS OF FROST HEAVING. EXPERIMENTS SHOW THAT WITHIN CERTAIN LIMITS EXCESSIVE HEAVING TENDS TO INCREASE AS THE PARTICLE SIZE DECREASES, BUT THAT THE PRESENCE OF MUCH COLLOIDAL MATERIAL PREVENTS EXCESSIVE HEAVING BY REDUCING THE PERMEABILITY, EVEN THOUGH ICE SEGREGATION OCCURS.

Vol 11, Pt 1, PP 165-168, 173-177, 5 FIG. Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the Transportation Research Board of the National Academy of Sciences. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

01490418

Taber, S

1932

Highway Research Board Proceedings

Digital/other

Freeze thaw durability; Frost heaving; Frost heaving soils; Ice; Icing; Materials selection; Soil particles; Soils; Temperature; Tensile strength; Texture; Theory; Void ratios; Water

Geotechnology; Highways

TRIS, TRB

Jun 1 1971 12:00AM

• A NEW THEORY OF FROST HEAVING
• DISCUSSION ON LOW COST BRIDGES
• ECONOMICS OF LOW COST BRIDGES
• ECONOMICS OF LOW COST HIGHWAY BRIDGES
• ECONOMICS OF LOW COST HIGHWAY BRIDGES
• FACTORS AFFECTING VOLUME CHANGES IN CONCRETE AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN DESIGN
• FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN SUBGRADE DRAINAGE AND TREATMENT
• FIELD METHODS FOR MEASURING TIRE WEAR
• Fillers and Bedding Courses for Brick Pavements
• FUNCTIONS OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS AND PAVEMENT BASES
• LOAD LIMITATIONS ON HIGHWAYS
• LOW COST STEEL HIGHWAY-BRIDGES
• REPORT ON CULVERT INVESTIGATION
• REPORT ON STATE CONTROL OF TRAFFIC
• REPORT ON TRAFFIC LAW OBSERVANCE AND ENFORCEMENT METHODS
• REPORT ON VEHICLE AND HIGHWAY MECHANICS AS RELATED TO TRAFFIC
• RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE TO FROST ACTION AS AFFECTED BY THE WATER-CEMENT RATIO
• SOME PRINCIPLES OF SOIL SURVEYING AND SOIL MAPPING FOR ROAD PURPOSES
• TAXATION AND EXPENDITURES IN THE STATE OF WISCONSIN
• THE AIR RESISTANCE OF MOTOR VEHICLES
• THE ECONOMICS OF LOW COST BRIDGES
• THE EFFECT OF HOT CEMENT ON TIME OF SET AND WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE
• THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE AS A DUST PALLIATIVE AND ITS VALUE TO GENERAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
• THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SODIUM SULFATE AND FREEZING AND THAWING TESTS OF MINERAL AGGREGATES
• TRAFFIC CAPACITY
• TREATMENT OF ICY PAVEMENTS
• USE OF CONCRETE AS AN ECONOMIC HIGHWAY BRIDGE MATERIAL
• VOLUME CHANGES IN CONCRETE SLABS IN THE FIELD