Abstract:
Four institutional models have emerged for the introduction of modern streetcars in North American urban environments in recent years: city-led, transit agency–led, privately led, and hybrid. In each case, the institutional relationship with other transit operators in the streetcar service area differs. This paper explores the different approaches, requirements, challenges, and outcomes as they relate to coordination of modern streetcar services with existing and planned transit services. A particular focus is on the customer experience aspects of the streetcar’s design, construction, and operation in the context of the urban transit system. Five dimensions of coordination are compared and contrasted using case studies from Atlanta, Detroit, Milwaukee, Tacoma, and Tucson. Dimensions include physical, service, fare, information, and construction coordination. Using case study narratives and comparison tables, the challenges faced under the various institutional arrangements to introduce modern streetcar as an integrated component of a regional transit system are compared. The relative strengths and weaknesses of the different institutional models are discussed based on North American implementation experience.
